Sunday, December 29, 2019

Gender Organic and Sexual Contrasts Among People - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3046 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Gender Roles Essay Did you like this example? Gender alludes to the organic and sexual contrasts among people, which are generally physiological and anatomical. Most individuals only recognize two gender types, which are the male and female gender. The term Gender role generally describes an arrangement of social and conduct standards or obligations viewed as proper for people of a given sex. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender: Organic and Sexual Contrasts Among People" essay for you Create order Gender roles and the jobs performed by each gender vary broadly. This emerges in light of the fact that gender roles are developed and supported socially. This social-cultural development of gender roles and jobs performed by each gender may mirror the regular desire of each gender. There has been considerable disparity in gender roles over cultural and the past period, and all gender roles are culturally and historically reliant. Much of academic work and researches on gender roles addresses the dispute over the ecological or genetic causes for the development of gender roles. Gender roles have always been an issue of contention in the society. This is because, since the commencement of life, man dominated over the woman and this has been stereotyped for ages. From the creation period, it can be witnessed that the role of that the man was bestowed with as far as the family was concerned, man was the final decision maker, the only person to rely on in terms of security and the breadwinner. On the other hand, the woman was bestowed with the role and responsibility of taking care of the home. Her role was to give her husband beneficiaries and to take care of the family through her food preparation, stitching clothes for them, nurturing the young, nursing the sick among other minor roles. This ideology has undoubtedly been passed on through generations up to date. However, as time went by and especially with the launching of the wars across borders, this long trend took another direction because of the fact that the men had to move out of the house and leave the family under the care of the mother. Consequently, the mother was left with the responsibilities that the husband is always entangled with. This was apparently the beginning and embrace of change in the American society. Todays development and remarkable transformation as far as social, political, and economical values are concerned can utterly be credited to the significant roles that the women and men of America played since independence. Notably, there has been a paradigm shift in the roles and responsibilities between the men and women of today. However, even after the American Revolution, and with the shifting of roles in the social structure, women were still regarded as weak creatures, in consequence, they were not allowed to take part in jobs that were considered to be hard, rather such jobs were only relevant to men in the society. Women were given jobs such as working in big offices headed by men to work for them as secretaries, bar attendants or waitresses, and tailors, but were not allowed to play a part in any important job especially where the main task was about making key decision apropos the situation at hand. Women were raised to believe that they were not as viable as the men were, and that there were some careers that they could not perform. However, this has changed over time through the introduction of innovation and additionally generous substantial work from womens activist battling for the privileges of woman in societys public eye. Today, women have taken on big jobs to manage big firms as chief executi ve officers, managers, and other top rated jobs. Women have even gone to the extent of running their own companies as they have gone to school and indeed meet the required criteria for qualifications in many jobs that could otherwise be given to men. All this is given credit to the women of civil rights who advocated equality and persistently appeared in many civil rights movements to rally the support of the constitution for equal treatment of all genders. For instance, a female chief executive officer-Meg Whitman leads one of the leading computer hardware developers-the Hewlett Packard. Economic developments have greatly contributed an imperative role in the change of roles taken by men and women in the contemporary society. The economic trends have proved too demanding, and women have to work in different fields that were considered to be only dominated by men such as the construction of houses, driving of commercial vehicles among others in a bid to help their men financially. This is because, at some particular point in life, situations grow hard and life becomes too expensive that it demands women to engage in small jobs to supplement the revenue that men earn from work. This has changed everything accordingly since women have discovered that given the same chance as men, they could also succeed in their careers as well as continue helping out in the home. Today, women work on a similar podium as men. Women are contending with men in all occupations, and some even earn more than men in their workplaces do. Accordingly, Klein (2007) asserts that women have adopte d the role as breadwinners for their families as some have even been able to raise their own families as single mothers in the event of divorce of a deceased husband. Women have stopped sitting at home and have realized their potentials and developed ways of embracing their roles as wives and mothers while they also cling on their careers. Certainly, today, there is no explicit role that is meant for a man or a woman. Both seem equal in all fronts as many continue to advance to greater heights in competing with men, probably showing the men that what they can, women can do it as well. For example, some women in the United States of America have immensely joined the army leaving their husbands at home to take care of their children while others have become engineers, pilots and many other jobs that were considered relevant for men manly during the past years. Men have also changed in the roles they partake as it witnessed in todays life whereby, men are increasingly taking up jobs in avenues that were earlier considered a womans realm. Today, we have men as outstanding chefs, designers and tailors among other fields of jobs that were regarded as womens. Indeed, men have acknowledged the inevitable changes that have transformed the society and made it as it is today. Even in many of the American families, men take the initiative of cooking for the whole family regardless of the wifes presence. This is because, people have realized and acknowledged that all people are equal and no task is explicitly designed for a particular gender. Consequently, young boys have even learnt how to cook and prepare certain meals that only women knew how to prepare before. It is not a surprise to encounter such a scenario in the contemporary society since men have wholly embraced the roles that were once considered to be dominated by women. Lang (1998) confir ms that men also engage in laundry and dishwashing regardless of the presence of their women as it has become imperative for people to share chores. Furthermore, many men express contempt and satisfaction helping their wives while they are available at home. The revolutionary nature of the social structure of gender has been gradual and more definite with people realizing the reality that they need to share work in a bid to live well. Before, men took up womens roles out of obligation but societal changes have demanded men to engage in womens roles even when they have their wives to do the same roles. It is was believed that only men can engage in some games such as Tie Kwon Do , football, wrestling among other famous games known to be participated only by men. However, today, women have actively taken a keen interest in such games and they compete amongst themselves. For instance, a few decades ago, there used to be no women playing football as it was only meant for men. Times have changed and up to today, there are football clubs known to belong to women. Furthermore, just like mens football world cup tournament, women also have their own world cup football tournament that is held differently from that of men. In addition, women have also taken part in the key roles in football that would rather be dominated by men. Women referees are seen in the pitch even in the mens football games. Notwithstanding the active participation in various dangerous games that are only believed to be for men such as the American vintage among other games. Additionally, women have been seen participa ting in Olympic Games, which were considered to be for men. Women have unrelentingly fought by all means for equality and this could be the time they have become even with men where they no longer fear to engage in heavy tasks despite the fact that it has often been an obvious notion that women do not fit in certain games and/or sports. They consider a fair ground competition with men while trying to prove them wrong that whatever they can be good at, women can as well be part of the same. In the past, only men were able to go to grammar schools and achieve a college education if their families could afford to support him. However, education today has completely changed enormously owing to the change in the role that men and women of today undertake. Klein (2007) clarifies that unlike in the early days where women were taught at home about management skills, and later on graduate to teach others; today women are taught the same skills that were taught to men giving them the same chance and opportunity to favorably compete in the same job market. Women are well informed and acquitted about their rights and hence they are able to make sound and informed decisions regarding the track they wish to pursue in their lives. Through education, gender inequality has been done away with and has often discouraged stereotyping where both men and women have learnt to value each others outlook as they both count in different perspective. Besides, the financial independence has pushed many women to work hard in schools and colleges in a bid to succeed and look for good jobs that will make them have the financial freedom. Women have felt the need for financially independence even when they get married. Therefore, most women have joined many colleges and have been employed in different organizations before they get married. This has been necessitated by the fact that there have been numerous changes in the family values and moral crumble that has overwhelmed the todays society as far as divorces among other immoral behaviors are concerned. The effect of this is that women feel that they need a backing plan in the event where their marriage fails to work. Education that was once seen as an area only meant for men has become widely reliable by women of today. Women have embraced education not only in America but also in many parts of the globe as they have realized that education is the perfect weapon to fight men and a favorable means of getting even with men. In the past, only men were allowed to participate in government and be elected as leaders. Men were the only people who were given chances to participate fully in their civil rights such as the freedom to participate in voting. Women were not considered to take any decision as far as taking part in election was concerned. Women were not allowed to exercise their voting rights nor were they allowed to take up any leadership position. That is, men filled all leadership positions and the political dynasty viewed women as interlopers who had no right to take any active role in leadership. Nowadays, have realized that they can potentially take up leadership roles and lead others well just as men do. For instance, successful women such as Hilary Clinton and Condoleezza Rice among others have set a perfect example for young upcoming female leaders. They have revealed to the world that women can make it irrespective of their femininity and in the field of leadership; they have disapproved th e long held catchphrase that women cannot lead men. In addition, the colonial society was intensely patriarchal, whereby men enjoyed power in both private and public life. They had the mandate to make decision as well as solve disputes within the family. However, Lang (1998) agrees that this role has also been transferred to women, as women feel confident and strong enough to make decisions. In the early days, women were beaten up by their husbands, disrespected in the home before the children who grew up exposed to violence and turmoil of their mother, and their contribution was barely regarded to be significant. They had no chance to make any key decision, which was exclusively done by the husband and men in the society. However, women of today are more vocal in the home, and they now have the mandate to make sound decisions apropos the family. Furthermore, In the past, women had no right to own property and therefore, they had no role of taking care of any property. Property ownership was only bestowed to man had the role of taking care of the property to ensure its safety and security. The children of belonged to the men and the women could not call the children their own while the father was still alive. In todays social structures, women own their own property ranging from land to businesses. They have the role of taking care of their own businesses as well as have the right to call their children their own. For instance, some women nowadays prefer to bare their own children, raise, and take care of them without the help of a man. In such a scenario, women have had to take care of their children, meet their need, demands and aspirations in life just like the father would have done. In addition, women have had the opportunity to inherit their fathers property unlike in the past when only men were eligible for such a beneficiary. The notion that a woman does not own anything in the family is long forgotten and their contribution for the success of the family has become very important to an extent that men have valued their presence. Men have positively endeavored to acknowledge the contribution that their women have towards the success of the family through the regular support that the mother has to her family. This has even given birth to the prominent catchphrase that behind every successful man, there is a woman behind. There are even certain cases where women have resorted to adopting children from their biological mothers and taking the responsibility of providing all necessities for the children. For example, a popular film star-Angelina Jolie has legally adopted more than two children who she provides with everything as if they were her own born children. The changes in the society have also contributed to the emergence of gay fathers. Today, more and more gay men continue to live their lives in the open without any traces of fear. Gay men have often sought to establish enduring, loyal, and affectionate relationships and like heterosexual couples, gay couples are beginning to start families of their own and certainly live a life they wish to pursue. With the escalating numbers of gay fathers in todays society, it is possible that, such individuals are prone to dividing the work as far as childcare is concerned. Just like other heterosexual families, gay fathers will have to accept the responsibility of taking care of the children, as would have their biological mother(s). Mothers were entrusted with the roles and responsibilities of cooking for the family, however, in such a scenario, the gay father is liable in ensuring that the child gets motherly care without mistreating or mishandling the child. Besides, the fact that they are gay men justifies the fact that the role of genders in America has changed drastically. Men of this nature have, therefore no otherwise than to embrace the roles that are meant for women. This has contributed at a greater extent on the changing roles of the genders not only in America but also in different countries and continents. In conclusion, the foregoing discussion has clearly unveiled that the role of the genders has greatly contributed to the growth and development of the United States since it gained his independence from the British. Men and women who fought for their liberty made a significant impact to the todays common American citizen. With the dynamic nature of the society, peoples roles have shifted in such a way that what the other could not do in a few decades ago, they now freely engage and participate in them. The report reveals that, even after the remarkable American Revolution, women had no freedom to engage freely in economic activities to earn themselves a living. However, a few elite women advocated equality through organized civil rights movements that saw a true revolution that was indeed revolutionary. Today, roles have completely reversed as people advance into very sophisticated ways of life characterized by numerous unpredictable changes. As far as the social, cultural and politi cal setup is concerned, both sexes have increasingly competed for the key roles within some particular areas of interest because of the fact that both men and women have learned to thrive within the same environment. The adoption of man is said to be equal to man as women become more aware and aggressive to embracing the roles that were considered to be dominated by the male. On the other hand, changes of situations have demanded the adjustment of roles undertaken by men and this has seen a dramatic change in the roles that men engage in. for instance, the report has clearly depicted that indeed, men have also shifted into roles that were considered part of women. In the clubs, there are waiters and waitresses serving people and even in the kitchen, men are seen to be the best chefs and cooks unlike it was in the early time.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Obesity And Obesity Related Diseases Essay - 1843 Words

The choices made now by an individual create the future ahead of him or her both in a beautiful and horrible way. There is an obesity epidemic in America that is coming from unhealthy eating habits and the absence of exercising. Also the obesity related diseases like diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and high blood pressure are a huge problem in and of itself. Portion sizes have gotten so much larger and there is a high increase of high fructose corn syrup that has been one of the main causes of this rapid growth in obesity and obesity related diseases. Now children are beginning to overeat at such a young age, there are generations, specifically the eighteen through twenty six year olds, that might very well die at a young age. This disaster must be knocked off its tracks and turned in the direction where the average American has a healthy body mass index (BMI). Most of this is self responsibility of the American citizens, people need to be conscious of what they’re putting i n their body and another part of the solution is having the government subsidize fruits and vegetables, also putting a tax on unhealthy food and drinks. From 1970 to 2007 the obesity rate in Americans has doubled. In the 70s being obese was for the most part just genetic and fourteen percent of the population was obese. The availability of unhealthy food has drastically increased since the 1970s.This food is also much cheaper, making it more appealing to the average American. Most meals were cooked atShow MoreRelatedObesity And Obesity Related Diseases Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has become staggering in the United States. Children are considered obese if they have thirty percent amount of body fat or more and is measured by body mass index (BMI). Body mass index conveys the correlation of body weight to height. If a child’s BMI is at or exceeding over the 95th percentile, meaning if their body mass index is greater than 95% of other children that are th e same sex and age, they are obese. Doctor Jeffrey Levi, an executive director of the Trust for America’sRead MoreObesity And Obesity Related Diseases896 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is primarily measured in body mass index or BMI, a BMI over 30 is considered obese. Until recently, there has been a steady rise of the obesity prevalence over the last three decades. The American taxpayers and the medical community face a huge challenge with regards to the 34.9% of adults and 16.9% of children who struggle with obesity (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, Flegal, 2014). Even with the prevalence of obesity remaining flat, morbid obesity, a BMI of over 40 has increased by two to threeRead MoreObesity And Obesity Related Diseases1342 Words   |  6 Pagesgood-quality home cooking. Obesity and obesity related diseases have increased significantly in the U.S. since the mid 1970s. Over the same time, the number of fast food restaurants have more than doubled, placing fast food within close proxim ities to schools, work and home. A diet filled with fast food is strongly linked to weight gain, and insulin resistance, suggests obesity researcher and neurobiologist Stephan Guyenet Ph. D, an indicator sign that fast food increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetesRead MoreEssay on Obesity and Heart Related Disease in America1014 Words   |  5 Pagesis heart related diseases. Many of these heart related diseases are caused by obesity. Obesity is â€Å"the condition of being grossly fat or overweight.† It is not just being thick boned, or even hereditary. Obesity has become a growing epidemic around the world! A very colossal problem here in the untied states of America; What is sad is that it is a disease one has caused due to their own choice of life style. Obesity has caused great dilemma in America. It was known as an adult disease. â€Å"Over twoRead MoreObesity and Diet Related Chronic Diseases Essay3241 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction The increase in the worldwide obesity and diet related chronic diseases over the previous several decades warrants the need of approaches to combat these disorders. Poor dietary practices, high energy intake, high intake of fat, saturated fat and cholesterol along with low intake of fiber and low physical activity are the major risk factors for these disorders. In order to overcome these problems, the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990 requires all packaged foods toRead MoreObesity as a Disease Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract As a health care professional it is our position statement that obesity should be considered as a disease. Overweight and obese adults are considered at risk for developing diseases such as type II diabetes, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, coronary heart disease, and certain type of cancers. An average of 300,000 deaths is associated with obesity and the total economic cost of obesity in U.S. was about $ 117 billion in 2000. As health care professionals it is our responsibility toRead MoreHuman Related Obesity1090 Words   |  4 PagesIs obesity a disease or a human related cause? Researchers have studied this question for years and have come to a variety of different conclusions. Some believe that obesity is a disease and can only be prevented by medications, while others believe that obesity is a human related cause and can be only prevented by a healthy diet and exercise. The American Medical Association (AMA) recently announced that obesity is officially a disease. Dr. Pat rice Harris, a member of the American Medical AssociationRead MoreCauses Of Obesity756 Words   |  4 Pagesspending on most important disease categories, can be used to gain understanding into recent trends, for example, how spending has altered since the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and some of the important forces behind these trends. The main purpose of the health system is to improve health through the treatment and prevention of disease and wounds. Investigators can know why health spending has grown across each disease type, for example, cancers and circulatory diseases, and see whether developmentRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic Is Disturbing The Financial And Social Stability Of The United States1481 Words   |  6 PagesAn Obesity epidemic is disturbing the financial and social stability of the United States. As stated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services â€Å"our modern environment has allowed these conditions to increase at alarming rates and become highly pressing health problems for our nationâ€Å"(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Efforts made by authority figures have been enforced to solve this severe crisis. Obesity has become a concerning problem in the United States. This epidemic isRead MoreEffects Of The Fast Food Industry On Canadians1263 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically, the raise of obesity in Canada due to the wide availability of fast foods. This topic is covered by providing a background about obesity, examining the health consequences, the economic impact, and looking at the social impact and the psychosocial impact on individuals diagnosed as obese. The paper was researched by reading about the subject matter in peer-reviewed journals and grey literature. The search terms used were the following search terms: ‘obesity definition’; ‘obesity Canada’; ‘health

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Financial Performance Periods Contraction -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Performance Periods Contraction? Answer: Introduction: The report is prepared to analyze the liquidity, profitability, market performance and capital structure of two mining companies in Australia. Analysis of financial position is done in terms of ratios computation. Interpretations of ratios have been done with references to theoretical concepts that have assisted in the evaluation of operation and performance of companies. Two companies that are selected are BHP Billiton Limited and Rio Tinto Limited being the peer. BHP Billiton is one o the top listed public company that derives majority of its income from its division of metal ore mining (Bhp.com 2018). Operations of company are done through its divisions such as coal, iron ore and potash and petroleum. Rio Tinto is one of the largest mining and metal corporations operating in Australia. Main business of Rio Tinto is the production of several minerals such as diamonds, bauxite, iron ore, gypsum, uranium and borates. Discussion: Ratio analysis and ratio figures of BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto limited: BHP Billiton Rio Tinto Limited 2016 2015 2016 2015 Current ratio 1.435 1.274 1.611 1.548 Return on equity ratio -0.114 0.042 0.118 -0.023 Debt ratio 0.495 0.434 0.560 0.592 Price earnings ratio -28.625 6.808 14.218 -112.617 Evaluation of liquidity position of firms: Liquidity positions of both the companies are analyzed by the computation of current ratio for two financial year period. Current ratio enables business to analyze their level of risks and requirement of working capital. Current ratio depicts the ability of organizations to clear their short-term obligations. This particular ratio for BHP Billiton limited stood at 1.435 and 1.274 in financial year 2016 and 2015 respectively. It is indicative of the fact that liquidity position of company has increased in recent years. Increase in current ratio of BH Billiton indicates the employment of more conservative approach to working capital management and improvement in liquidity position of company (Agosto et al. 2016). On other hand, ratio for Rio Tinto Limited stood at 1.611 and 1.548 for year 2016 and 2015 indicating increase liquidity position. Therefore, there has been improvement in the liquidity position of both the companies. However, ratios for both the companies have improved but cu rrent ratios for Rio Tinto is comparatively higher than that of BHP Billiton Limited. Since, the companies operating in mining industry, is required to maintain a standard current ratio of 2 (Ibisworld.com.au.aib.idm.oclc.org 2018). Therefore, from the perspective of industry standard, liquidity position of Rio Tinto is favorable compared to BHP Billiton limited. The reason behind the higher current ratio is attributable to the fact that current liabilities of Rio Tinto limited are significantly lower than BHP Billiton. However, there has been decrease in current assets along with increase in current liabilities. On other hand, current assets of BHP Billiton have increased in year along with decline in current liabilities. Improvement in liquidity position is indicative of the fact that company has adopt more efficient management practices and maintains a strong working capital cycle (Cavusgil et al. 2014). Evaluation of profitability position of firms: Profitability position of companies has been analyzed by the evaluation of return on equity. Investors prefer higher value of return on equity as this depicts that company is efficient in generating income. Ability of organization to generate profits from the investment of shareholders is depicted by return on equity ratio. Investors always prefer higher return on equity compared to lower return on ratio (Uechi et al. 2015). In order to check the trend of ROE, investor is required to compare companies. It can be seen from the figures of return on equity that profitability position of BHP Billiton as well as Rio Tinto has improved in the recent years. Return on equity of BHP Billiton stood at 0.042 and -.114 for the year 2015 and 2016 respectively. It indicates that return on equity ratio has worsened and negative returns have been contributed to shareholders. The reason is attributable to decline in total value of shareholders equity and negative net income generation (Mason et al. 2 015). On other hand, ratio for Rio Tinto limited stood at -0.023 and .118 for year 2015 and 2016 respectively. This figure depicts that ratio has increased in recent years. This improvement in return on equity is because Rio Tinto has generated a positive net income in year 2016 compared to negative income in year 2015. Moreover, the value of shareholders equity has also increased by considerable amount in year 2016 that has lead to an improvement in return on equity. From the above graph, it can be seen that the position of organizations in terms of return on equity has reversed. ROE of Rio Tinto Limited was negative in year 2015 that has improved in recent year to a positive value. BHP Billiton situation in terms of ROE has reduced in year 2016 compared to favorable position in year 2015. The component ROE of BHP Billiton Limited that is favorable is total value of shareholders equity and net income is inferior component. Negative value of ROE depicts that funds of investors are not utilized effectively. Management of organization is not effective in generating returns from investors funds (Zhang and Moffat 2015). Higher value of ROE for Rio Tinto depicts that the funds of shareholders are utilized effectively and management is effective in making use of equity financing for funding the growth and operations of company (Titman et al. 2017). Therefore, position of Rio Tinto Limited has improved in year 2016 and has provided better returns to its shareholders. Evaluation of capital structure position of firms: Positions of capital structure of companies have been analyzed by the evaluation of debt and solvency position of companies. The financial leverage of company is measured using debt ratio that depicts the ability of business to pay off its debt and continue its operation. Long-term financial sustainability of business is indicated by the value of debt ratio (Muhammad et al. 2015). Debt ratio of BHP Billiton has increased from 0.434 in year 2015 to 0.495 in year 2016 respectively. Solvency position of company has increased in the recent year that is not regarded as favorable from investors point of view. This increment in debt ratio is because of increase in amount of total liabilities and decrease in amount of total assets. Value of debt ratio for Rio Tinto stood at 0.592 in year 2015 as against .560 in year 2016 respectively. This fall in debt ratio is attributable to declining total liabilities of company in recent years. Nonetheless, there has been fall in total assets of Rio Tinto limited (Hong et al. 2015). Now, when comparing the solvency position of both BHP Billiton and its peer that is Rio Tinto limited, it can be seen that solvency position of BHP Billiton is better compared to Rio Tinto Limited. It is so because although the value of total liabilities BHP Billiton is more than Rio Tinto limited, the total amount of assets that has led to lower debt ratio. From the above graph, debt ratio of Rio Tinto has decreased in recent years and that of BHP Billiton has increased. Nevertheless, total value of debt ratio has for BHP Billiton ratio is lower than its competitor is and this is illustrative of the fact of better solvency position of company. Lower ratio of BHP Billiton assets of company is sufficient to meet their obligations. However, this might result in restricted growth of company indicated by underutilization of major finance source (Karadag 2015). Higher debt ratio of Rio Tinto is indication of high risks for both the equity investors and debt holder of company. It would make it difficult for company to obtain finance for raising money at good terms. Evaluation of market performance of firms: Market performance of organizations is analyzed by the evaluation of price earnings ratio. An increase in the price earnings ratio of the company is indicative of the fact that the market value of company is increasing. This particular ratio is used by investors for evaluating the fair market value of stock of company. It is expected that companies with higher earnings have appreciation in the future value of stocks and higher dividends. Price earnings ratio of BHP Billiton for the two financial years stood at -28.65 in year 2016 and 6.808 in year 2015 respectively. It is suggested by figure that price earnings ratio of the company has become negative. This decline in ratio is because of loss per share attributed to shareholders of company. This negative value is usually indication of poor future and current performance of company and this might be associated with poor investment (Gitman et al. 2015). Moreover, it also anticipates that there will be lower growth and performance in fu ture and will not make investors to invest in the company. On other hand, price earnings ratio of Rio Tinto Limited has improved in recent years and this anticipates improvement in performance of company in future. Value of ratio stood at 14.218 in year 2016 compared to -112.617 in year 2015. This improvement in ratio is attributable to positive earnings per share of 2.57 in year 2016 as against negative value of 0.47 in 2015 respectively. However, market price per share has reduced from 52.93 in 2015 as against 36.54 in year 2016. This higher value makes investors anticipate higher growth and better performance of company in upcoming years (Biddle et al. 2016). Conclusion: From the analysis of above figures of different ratio, it can be inferred that the overall financial performance of Rio Tinto is better than BHP Billiton. Rio Tinto Limited in terms of profitability position, liquidity position and market structure has outperformed BHP Billiton Limited. Management of Rio Tinto limited is more efficient in generating income using their total available assets (Lodhia and Hess 2014). Moreover, the ability of current assets of organization is more efficient for fulfilling their current obligations compared to BHP Billiton Limited. The only factor that is not favorable supporting the financial position of company is its solvency position (Dudin et al. 2014). However, the total liabilities of BHP Billiton have increased but it is increasingly finance by the availability of total assets. Therefore, performance of BHP Billiton is lower than that of Rio Tinto followed by the negative mining industry growth of -1.7 million. Furthermore, it is commendable to no te that current growth rate of revenue of industry is negative at -2.8% (Hosseinzadeh et al. 2018). Nevertheless, the revenue generation of both the mining companies is positive. In the nutshell, it can be concluded that overall financial performance of BHP Billiton Limited is not surpassing Rio Tinto Limited. Calculation of share price of BHP Billiton using assumed values: Particulars Amount Risk Free Rate of Return A 2% Market Risk Premium B 7% Beta C 1.285 Cost of Capital D=A+(BxC) 11.00% Dividend paid per share E 2.2 Dividend Growth Rate F 4% Expected Dividend G=Ex(1+F) 2.288 Market Value of Shares H=G/(D-F) 32.70908 In this particular assignment, the selected company is BHP Billiton that has market share price of 34.35. On other hand, the calculated share price of company is done by using dividend discount model. Valuation of price of stock using this model is based on the theory that future payment of dividend is discounted the present value. This particular model only focuses dividend declared by company for computing the share price (Cornell 2015). Valuation of stock of company is done on future dividends net present value. However, market share price takes into consideration several other factors for the computation of share price (Uechi et al. 2015). This is the reason why there is difference between the calculated figures and actual share price of company. Furthermore, the share price calculated is based on assumed figures about market risk premium, growth rate and beta of company that is not relevant. Calculated of bond price traded in the market: Particulars Amount Face Value A $ 1,000 Coupon Rate B 5.75% No. of Payments in a year C 2 Coupon Payments D=(AxB)/C $ 28.75 Years to Maturity E 10 Market Rate p.a. F 2.37% Semi-Annual Market Rate G=F/2 1.19% Total Nos. of Payments H=CxE 20 Price to Bond I=Dx[1-(1/(1+G)^H)]/G+[A/(1+G)^H] $ 1,299 References list: Agosto, A., Mainini, A. and Moretto, E., 2016. Covariance of random stock prices in the Stochastic Dividend Discount Model.arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.03029. Bhp.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/-/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2016/bhpbillitonannualreport2016.pdf?la=en [Accessed 10 Feb. 2018]. Biddle, G.C., Callahan, C.M., Hong, H.A. and Knowles, R.L., 2016. Do Adoptions of International Financial Reporting Standards Enhance Capital Investment Efficiency?. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Cornell, B., 2015. Using Dividend Discount Models to Estimate Expected Returns.The Journal of Investing,24(1), pp.48-51. Dudin, M., Lyasnikov, N., Yahyaev, M. and Kuznecov, A., 2014. The organization approaches peculiarities of an industrial enterprises financial management. Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R. and Flanagan, J., 2015.Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hong, Y., Huseynov, F. and Zhang, W., 2014. Earnings management and analyst following: A simultaneous equations analysis.Financial Management,43(2), pp.355-390. Hosseinzadeh, A., Smyth, R., Valadkhani, A. and Moradi, A., 2018. 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